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International X-ray Observatory
The International X-ray Observatory (IXO) is a cancelled X-ray telescope to be launched in 2021 as a joint effort by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). In May 2008, ESA and NASA established a coordination group involving all three agencies, with the intent of exploring a joint mission merging the ongoing XEUS and Constellation-X projects. This proposed the start of a joint study for IXO.
〔(Announcing the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) - NASA )〕
〔(Announcing the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) - ESA )〕
〔(The International X-ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization Panel RFI#1 )〕
〔(IXO Science Performance Requirements on the ESA web site )〕
〔(IXO - Payload Definition Document )〕
〔(IXO Mission Concept )〕
〔(IXO Project Leadership )〕 NASA was forced to cancel the observatory due to budget constrains in fiscal year 2012. ESA however decided to reboot the mission on its own developing Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics as a part of Cosmic Vision program.〔(International X-Ray Observatory Mission News )〕
== Science with IXO ==
X-ray observations are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the stars, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole. X-ray images reveal hot spots in the Universe—regions where particles have been energized or raised to very high temperatures by strong magnetic fields, violent explosions, and intense gravitational forces. X-ray sources in the sky are also associated with the different phases of stellar evolution such as the supernova remnants, neutron stars, and black holes.〔(IXO Science Performance Requirements )〕
IXO will explore X-ray Universe and address the following fundamental and timely questions in astrophysics:
* What happens close to a black hole?
* How did supermassive black holes grow?
* How do large scale structures form?
* What is the connection between these processes?
To address these science questions, IXO will trace orbits close to the event horizon of black holes, measure black hole spin for several hundred active galactic nuclei (AGN), use spectroscopy to characterize outflows and the environment of AGN during their peak activity, search for supermassive black holes out to redshift z = 10, map bulk motions and turbulence in galaxy clusters, find the missing baryons in the cosmic web using background quasars, and observe the process of cosmic feedback where black holes inject energy on galactic and intergalactic scales.〔("Stellar-Mass Black Holes and Their Progenitors", J. Miller ''et al.'' )〕〔("The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time", M. Arnaud ''et al.'' )〕〔("The Missing Baryons in the Milky Way and Local Group", Joel N. Bregman ''et al.'' )〕〔("Cosmic Feedback from Supermassive Black Holes", Andrew C. Fabian ''et al.'' )〕
This will allow astronomers to understand better the history and evolution of matter and energy, visible and dark, as well as their interplay during the formation of the largest structures.
Closer to home, IXO observations will constrain the equation of state in neutron stars, black holes spin demographics, when and how elements were created and dispersed into the intergalactic medium, and much more.〔("The Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions", F. Paerels ''et al.'' )〕〔("Spin and Relativistic Phenomena Around Black Holes", L. Brenneman ''et al.'' )〕〔("Formation of the Elements", John P. Hughes ''et al.'' )〕
To achieve these science goals, IXO requires extremely large collecting area combined with good angular resolution in order to offer unmatched sensitivities for the study of the high-z Universe and for high-precision spectroscopy of bright X-ray sources.〔(The International X-ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization Panel RFI#1, IXO performance requirements, p. 7 )〕
The large collecting area required because, in astronomy, telescopes gather light and produce images by hunting and counting photons. The number of photons collected puts the limit to our knowledge about the size, energy, or mass of an object detected. More photons collected means better images and better spectra, and therefore offers better possibilities for understanding of cosmic processes.〔(IXO effective area plot and resolution plot )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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